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This is a list of butterflies of São Tomé and Príncipe. About 50 species are known from São Tomé and Príncipe, 19 of which are endemic.

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Acraea zetes, the large spotted Acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi and Zambia. The habitat consists of open deciduous forests and woodland savanna.

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Acraea pharsalus, the east African forest acraea or Pharsalus acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Angola, Zambia and Mozambique. The habitat consists of forests and riverine vegetation in Guinea savanna.

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Bematistes alcinoe, the alcinoe bematistes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Burundi and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.

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Conservula cinisigna is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Africa south of the Sahara.

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Erechthias dracaenura is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is endemic to São Tomé Island, an island off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. The species was described by Edward Meyrick in 1934.

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Eudocima phalonia, the common fruit-piercing moth, is a fruit piercing moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 Centuria Insectorum. It is found in large parts of the tropics, mainly in Asia, Africa and Australia but introduced into other areas such as Hawaii, New Zealand and the Society Islands. It is one of major fruit pests in the world.

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Temnora fumosa is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in most habitats throughout Africa south of the Sahara.